from 01.01.2019 to 01.01.2023
Russian Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University
Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
UDK 61 Медицина. Охрана здоровья. Пожарное дело
GRNTI 76.29 Клиническая медицина
Aim. Based on the cortisol content in the oral fluid and the assessment of emotional stress, determine the stress level of dentists. Materials and methods. The group consisted of 25 healthy volunteers, dentists (8 men and 17 women aged 24 to 60 years) with various work experience. Participants filled in an adapted scale of the level of emotional stress before the start of the work shift. On the same day, oral fluid was collected to assess cortisol levels in the morning and evening. Results. There were no statistically significant differences in the level of emotional stress among dentists, depending on gender. The level of emotional stress in general increases with increasing work experience. With an experience of more than 20 years, emotional stress is significantly (p = 0.026) higher compared to colleagues who have been in the profession for less than 10 years, the indicator was 16.43 (±3.20) and 19.00 (±1.10) points, respectively. The level of evening cortisol in the oral fluid has a statistically significant relationship of noticeable strength with the level of emotional tension only in participants with a high level of tension (18–20 points). Conclusions. The level of emotional stress increases with increasing work experience as a dentist. To assess the level of stress, the level of evening cortisol is more indicative than in the morning, and the interpretation of the results should be carried out in conjunction with the assessment of emotional stress, as well as considering the somatic status of the subject.
cortisol, emotional burnout, stress, dentist, stress hormone
1. Michaud K., Matheson K., Kelly O., Anisman H. Impact of Stressors in a Natural Context on Release of Cortisol in Healthy Adult Humans: A Meta-Analysis. Stress Amst. Neth. 2008;11:177-197. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890701727874.
2. Al Qteishat A., Gabriyanchik M.A., Bokov D.O. Changes in Parameters of Biochemical and Oxidative Stress in University Students during and after Examinations. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2021;26:811-817. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12192-021-01221-5.
3. Glaser R., Kiecolt-Glaser J.K. Stress-Induced Immune Dysfunction: Implications for Health. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2005;5:243-251. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nri1571.
4. Barron R., Gore J.S. The Many Faces of Stress: Three Factors That Predict Physical Illness in Young Adults. Psychol. Rep. 2021;124:1184-1201. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120936195.
5. Alzahem A.M., van der Molen H.T., Alaujan A.H., Schmidt H.G., Zamakhshary M.H. Stress amongst Dental Students: A Systematic Review. Eur. J. Dent. Educ. 2011;15:8-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0579.2010.00640.x.
6. Afrashtehfar K.I., Eimar H., Yassine R., Abi-Nader S., Tamimi F. Evidence-Based Dentistry for Planning Restorative Treatments: Barriers and Potential Solutions. Eur. J. Dent. Educ. 2017;21:e7-e18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/eje.12208.
7. Afrashtehfar K.I., Assery M.K. From Dental Science to Clinical Practice: Knowledge Translation and Evidence-Based Dentistry Principles. Saudi Dent. J. 2017;29:83-92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2017.02.002.
8. Hayes A., Hoover J.N., Karunanayake C.P., Uswak G.S. Perceived Causes of Stress among a Group of Western Canadian Dental Students. BMC Res. Notes. 2017;10:714. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2979-9.
9. Jowkar Z., Masoumi M., Mahmoodian H. Psychological Stress and Stressors Among Clinical Dental Students at Shiraz School of Dentistry, Iran. Adv. Med. Educ. Pract. 2020;11:113-120. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S236758.
10. Alzahem A.M., van der Molen H.T., de Boer B.J. Effect of Year of Study on Stress Levels in Male Undergraduate Dental Students. Adv. Med. Educ. Pract. 2013;4:217-222. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S46214.
11. Astill S., Ricketts N., Singh L.-A., Kurtz D., Gim Y.H., Huang B. Environmental and Perceived Stress in Australian Dental Undergraduates: Preliminary Outcomes. J. Dent. Res. Dent. Clin. Dent. Prospects. 2016;10:270-279. doi:https://doi.org/10.15171/joddd.2016.043.
12. Irshad L., Faustini S., Evans L., Drayson M.T., Campbell J.P., Heaney J.L.J. Salivary Free Light Chains as a New Biomarker to Measure Psychological Stress: The Impact of a University Exam Period on Salivary Immunoglobulins, Cortisol, DHEA and Symptoms of Infection. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2020;122:104912. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104912.
13. Blair J., Adaway J., Keevil B., Ross R. Salivary Cortisol and Cortisone in the Clinical Setting. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 2017;24:161-168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000328.
14. Arafah B.M., Nishiyama F.J., Tlaygeh H., Hejal R. Measurement of Salivary Cortisol Concentration in the Assessment of Adrenal Function in Critically Ill Subjects: A Surrogate Marker of the Circulating Free Cortisol. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007;92:2965-2971. doi:https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-0181.
15. El-Farhan N., Rees D.A., Evans C. Measuring Cortisol in Serum, Urine and Saliva-Are Our Assays Good Enough? Ann. Clin. Biochem. 2017;54:308-322. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563216687335.
16. Fouladi D.B., Nassiri P., Monazzam E.M., Farahani S., Hassanzadeh G., Hoseini M. Industrial Noise Exposure and Salivary Cortisol in Blue Collar Industrial Workers. Noise Health. 2012;14:184-189. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/1463-1741.99894.
17. Garde A.H., Hansen A.M. Long-Term Stability of Salivary Cortisol. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig. 2005;65:433-436. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510510025773.
18. Toda M., Morimoto K., Nagasawa S., Kitamura K. Effect of Snack Eating on Sensitive Salivary Stress Markers Cortisol and Chromogranin A. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2004;9:27-29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1265/ehpm.9.27.
19. Kudielka B.M., Hellhammer D.H., Wüst S. Why Do We Respond so Differently? Reviewing Determinants of Human Salivary Cortisol Responses to Challenge. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34:2-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.004.
20. Manthey L., Leeds C., Giltay E.J., van Veen T., Vreeburg S.A., Penninx B.W.J.H., Zitman F.G. Antidepressant Use and Salivary Cortisol in Depressive and Anxiety Disorders. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;21:691-699. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.03.002.
21. Pulopulos M.M., Hidalgo V., Puig-Pérez S., Salvador A. Psychophysiological Response to Social Stressors: Relevance of Sex and Age. Psicothema. 2018;30:171-176. doi:https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2017.200.
22. Phaniendra A., Jestadi D.B., Periyasamy L. Free Radicals: Properties, Sources, Targets, and Their Implication in Various Diseases. Indian J. Clin. Biochem. 2015;30:11-26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0.
23. Jakubczyk K., Dec K., Kałduńska J., Kawczuga D., Kochman J., Janda K. Reactive Oxygen Species-Sources, Functions, Oxidative Damage. Pol. Merkur. Lek. Organ. Pol. Tow. Lek. 2020;48:124-127.
24. Aseervatham G.S.B., Sivasudha T., Jeyadevi R., Arul Ananth D. Environmental Factors and Unhealthy Lifestyle Influence Oxidative Stress in Human-An Overview. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2013;20:4356-4369. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1748-0.
25. Żukowski P., Maciejczyk M., Waszkiel D. Sources of Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress in the Oral Cavity. Arch. Oral Biol. 2018;92:8-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.04.018.
26. Aschbacher K., O’Donovan A., Wolkowitz O.M., Dhabhar F.S., Su Y., Epel E. Good Stress, Bad Stress and Oxidative Stress: Insights from Anticipatory Cortisol Reactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38:1698-1708. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.02.004.
27. Rubio C.P., Hernández-Ruiz J., Martinez-Subiela S., Tvarijonaviciute A., Ceron J.J. Spectrophotometric Assays for Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in Dog Serum: An Update. BMC Vet. Res. 2016;12:166. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0792-7.
28. Serafini M., del Rio D. Understanding the Association between Dietary Antioxidants, Redox Status and Disease: Is the Total Antioxidant Capacity the Right Tool? Redox Rep. Commun. Free Radic. Res. 2004;9:145-152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1179/135100004225004814.
29. Marrocco I., Altieri F., Peluso I. Measurement and Clinical Significance of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Humans. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2017;2017:6501046. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6501046.
30. Pizzino G., Irrera N., Cucinotta M., Pallio G., Mannino F., Arcoraci V., Squadrito F., Altavilla D., Bitto A. Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2017;2017:8416763. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8416763.
31. Batabyal A., Bhattacharya A., Thaker M., Mukherjee S. A Longitudinal Study of Perceived Stress and Cortisol Responses in an Undergraduate Student Population from India. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0252579. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252579.
32. Batabyal A., Bhattacharya A., Thaker M., Mukherjee S. A Longitudinal Study of Perceived Stress and Cortisol Responses in an Undergraduate Student Population from India // PLoS ONE. - 2021;16:e0252579. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252579.
33. Blair J., Adaway J., Keevil B., Ross R. Salivary cortisol and cortisone in the clinical setting // Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. - 2017;24(3):161-168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000328. PMID: 28375882.
34. Hellhammer D.H., Wüst S., Kudielka B.M. Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research // Psychoneuroendocrinology. - 2009;34(2):163-171. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.026. Epub 2008 Dec 18. PMID: 19095358.
