employee
Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
student from 01.01.2022 until now
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
student
Moskva, Russian Federation
Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
UDC 616.314-089.23
CSCSTI 76.29
In modern dentistry, lithium disilicate-based ceramics are widely used for the fabrication of indirect restorations due to their favorable mechanical and aesthetic properties. Reliable fixation of ceramic restorations to the hard tissues of the tooth is achieved through adhesion, which depends on the proper surface preparation of both the material and the tooth. Alongside traditional treatment with hydrofluoric acid combined with silane application, the use of self-etching ceramic primers that integrate etching and silanization into a single step has gained popularity in recent years. This approach allows for reducing preparation time, minimizing the likelihood of errors during adherence to the adhesive protocol, and decreasing the risk of toxic effects associated with hydrofluoric acid. Due to its relatively recent introduction, research on this method is less extensive compared to that on traditional protocols. Subject. Current data on the efficacy of self-etching silane primers compared to the traditional surface treatment protocol. Objective. Analysis and systematization of studies aimed at comparing various surface treatment methods for lithium disilicate ceramics: hydrofluoric acid with silane versus self-etching silane primers. Materials and Methods. Articles were retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, eLIBRARY.ru, and CyberLeninka. The included publications were published between 2021 and 2026. Results. Most in vitro studies indicate that silane primers demonstrate bond strengths comparable to and in some cases exceeding those obtained with traditional methods. Although some instances show advantages of the classic protocol, emerging one-step formulations serve as effective alternatives. Conclusions. The application of self-etching silane primers represents an effective technology that enhances clinician efficiency, reduces exposure to toxic substances, and provides stable adhesion of ceramic restorations. To thoroughly assess these agents in clinical settings, further in vivo studies are necessary.
lithium disilicate ceramic, adhesion, self-etching silane primer, surface treatment, prosthesis fixation, hydrofluoric acid, silane
1. Guaita-Sáez R., Montiel-Company J.M., Agustín-Panadero R., Fons-Badal C., Serra-Pastor B., Solá-Ruiz M.F. Analysis of Different Lithium Disilicate Ceramics According to Their Composition and Processing Technique-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Materials (Basel). 2025;18(12):2709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18122709
2. Phark J.H., Duarte S., Jr. Microstructural considerations for novel lithium disilicate glass ceramics: A review. Journal of Esthetic Restorative Dentistry. 2022;34(1):92-103. https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12864
3. Chiapinotto G.F., da Rosa L.S., Scotti N., Kleverlaan C.J., Valandro L.F., Pereira G.K.R. Does adhesive luting promote improved fatigue performance of lithium disilicate simplified crowns? Journal of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 2022;134:105373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105373
4. Pilecco R.O., da Rosa L.S., Pereira G.K.R., Tribst J.P.M., May L.G., Valandro L.F. The loss of resin cement adhesion to ceramic influences the fatigue behavior of bonded lithium disilicate restorations. Journal of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 2023;148:106169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106169
5. Simasetha S., Klaisiri A., Sriamporn T., Sappayatosok K., Thamrongananskul N. Surface Treatment Effect on Shear Bond Strength between Lithium Disilicate Glass-Ceramic and Resin Cement. European Journal of Dentistry. 2022;16(2):373-380. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1735908
6. Yao C., Ahmed M.H., De Grave L., Yoshihara K., Mercelis B., Okazaki Y. et al. Optimizing glass-ceramic bonding incorporating new silane technology in an experimental universal adhesive formulation. Dental Materials. 2021;37(5):894–904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2021.02.021
7. Martins N.F., Nogueira I.A.D., Silvestre F.A., de Meneses N.E., Dos Santos R.T.N., Peixoto R.F. Effectiveness of self-etching ceramic primer on the bond strength of dental glass ceramics: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies on feldspathic and leucite-reinforced ceramics. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2025. Online Version of Record before inclusion in an issue. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.70056
8. Li F., Zhou J., Shi K., He Q., Diao W., Peng H. et al. Ferroptosis and necroptosis may be involved in the formation and progression of hydrofluoric acid burn wounds: Results from an RNA-Seq analysis. Burns. 2025;51(5):107513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2025.107513
9. Dennerlein K., Kiesewetter F., Kilo S., Jäger T., Göen T., Korinth G. et al. Dermal absorption and skin damage following hydrofluoric acid exposure in an ex vivo human skin model. Toxicology Letters. 2016;248:25-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.02.015
10. Sgrott N.E., Lins R.B.A., Silva I.D., Lepesqueur L.S.S., Olivieri K.A.N., Brandt W.C. Evaluation of self-etching primer on bond strength in feldspathic ceramic. Research, Society and Development. 2021;10(5):e33110514572. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i5.14572
11. Yu P., Wang X.Y. Effects of Surface Treatment Procedures on Bond Strength of Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic. Chinese Journal of Dental Research. 2021;24(2):119-124. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.cjdr.b1530491
12. Dapieve K.S., Pilecco R.O., Temp R.W., Villetti M.A., Pereira G.K.R., Valandro L.F. Adhesion to lithium disilicate glass-ceramics after aging: Resin viscosity and ceramic surface treatment effects. Journal of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 2023;142:105819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105819
13. Dapieve K.S., Pereira G.K.R., Venturini A.B., Daudt N., Valcanaia A., Bottino M.C. et al. Do resin cement viscosity and ceramic surface etching influence the fatigue performance of bonded lithium disilicate glass-ceramic crowns? Dental Materials. 2022;38(3):e59-e67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2021.12.015
14. Pai R., Shetty K.H.S., Nair P.M.S., Farookh F.M.B., Aphiya A., Kukkila J. The effect of surface conditioning techniques on the shear bond strength of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic following adhesive cementation - An in vitro study. Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics. 2024;27(8):828-832. https://doi.org/10.4103/JCDE.JCDE_282_24
15. Da Silva Rodrigues C., Grangeiro M., Da Silva De Assi R., Santos M., Bottino M., De Melo R. Self-Etching Primer Or Hydrofluoric Acid: Effects On the Bond Strength Stability of a Leucite-Based Glass-Ceramic. The Journal of Adhesive Dentistry. 2025;27:115-122. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.c_2092
16. Nakhaei M., Mohammadipour H.S., Eslami S.F., Soroush Z. Microshear bond strength of resin cement to a zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass ceramic using different surface treatments. Dental Research Journal (Isfahan). 2023;20:59. https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-3327.377579
17. Zarone F., Ruggiero G., Leone R., Breschi L., Leuci S., Sorrentino R. Zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) mechanical and biological properties: A literature review. Journal of Dentistry. 2021;109:103661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103661
18. Yim K.Y., Beh Y.H., Goo C.L. Effects of Surface Treatment and Thermocycling on the Shear Bond Strength of Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate Ceramic. Journal of Adhesive Dentistry. 2023;25:125-132. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.b4145161
19. Vila-Nova T.E.L., Moura D.M.D., Araújo G.M., Pinto R.A.S., Leite F.P.P., Melo R.M. et al. Effect of Adhesive Resin Application on the Durability of Adhesion to CAD/CAM Glass-Ceramics after either Hydrofluoric Acid Etching or Self-etch Primer Application. The Journal of Adhesive Dentistry. 2022;24:279-289. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.b3240691
20. Dapieve K.S., Aragonez G.C., Prochnow C., Burgo T.A.L., Rippe M. P., Pereira G.K.R. et al. Different Etching Times of a One-step Ceramic Primer: Effect on the Resin Bond Strength Durability to a CAD/CAM Lithium-Disilicate Glass-Ceramic. Journal of Adhesive Dentistry. 2021;23(2):133-143. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.b1079573
21. Maqbool B., Rêgo H., Santos G., Ari N., Santos M. Effect of different surface treatment protocols on the bond strength between lithium disilicate and resin cements. Odontology. 2024;112(1):74-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-023-00809-w
22. Tribst J.P., Diamantino P.J., de Freitas M.R., Tanaka I.V., Silva-Concílio L.R., de Melo R.M. et al. Effect of active application of self-etching ceramic primer on the long-term bond strength of different dental CAD/CAM materials. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry. 2021;13(11):e1089-e1095. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.58723
23. Bessa M.S., Marinho L.C.N., Miranda L.M., Carvalho I.H.G., Campos B.O., Borges B.C.D. et al. Repair bond strength of resin composite to CAD/CAM glass-ceramic: Influence of cleaning methods, surface treatments, and aging. Journal of Dentistry. 2025;154:105568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2025.105568
24. Martins J.D., Moura D., Lima C. M., de Carvalho R., Leite F., Souza R. Surface Treatment and Cementation of Lithium Silicate Ceramics Containing ZrO2. Operative Dentistry. 2022;47(2):202-213. https://doi.org/10.2341/20-156-L
25. Sevilla P., Gseibat M., Peláez J., Suárez M., López-Suárez C. Effect of surface treatments with low-pressure plasma on the adhesion of zirconia. Materials. 2023;16(17):6055. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16176055
26. Pereira G.F., Torres M.I.A., de Meneses N.E., Moreira A.C.L., Peixoto R.F. Effect of Airborne-Particle Abrasion and Thermal Cycling on Enamel Bond Strength and Roughness of Lithium Disilicate Treated With a Self-Etching Ceramic Primer. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2026. Online Version of Record before inclusion in an issue. https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.70132
27. Pulido C., Prieto-Torres O., Carvajal-Garzón C., Dávila-Sánchez A., Gonzalez-Vaca C., Arrais C.A.G. Prolonged application methods of self-etching primer: Effect of aging on micro-shear bond strength to lithium disilicate and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramics. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2026;35(4):585-594. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.70085
28. Klippel G.G.P., de Melo-Silva C.L., de Melo-Silva T.C.F, Elias C.N., de Biasi R.S., Santos C. Shear bond strength of lithium disilicate to resin cement after treatment with hydrofluoric acid and a self-etching ceramic primer. Materials Research. 2021;24(4):e20210079. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2021-0079
29. Alsolami A., Alzahrani K.M. Impact of Self-Etching Ceramic Primer Application Timing on Bond Durability with Lithium Disilicate and Advanced Ceramics. Coatings (Basel). 2024;14(11):1461. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14111461
30. Wille S., Lehmann F., Kern M. Durability of resin bonding to lithium disilicate using different self-etching and conventional ceramic primers after long-term aging. Dental Materials. 2022;38(2):444-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2021.12.027
31. Turunç Oğuzman R., Şişmanoğlu S. Adhesive Performance of Resin Cement to Glass-Ceramic and Polymer-Based Ceramic CAD/CAM Materials after Applying Self-Etching Ceramic Primer or Different Surface Treatments. Materials (Basel). 2023;17(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010002
32. Calheiros-Lobo M.J., Carbas R., da Silva L.F.M., Pinho T. Impact of in vitro findings on clinical protocols for the adhesion of CAD-CAM blocks: A systematic integrative review and meta-analysis. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2024;131(6):1051-1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.08.024
33. Vichi A., Fabian Fonzar R., Carrabba M., Louca C., Scotti N., Mazzitelli C. et al. Comparison between Hydrofluoric Acid and Single-Component Primer as Conditioners on Resin Cement Adhesion to Lithium Silicate and Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics. Materials (Basel). 2021;14(22):6776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14226776
34. Bento V.A.A., de Souza Rolim P.A., de Matos J.R.V., de Araújo Lemos C.A., Pellizzer E.P., Guiotti A.M. Does the surface conditioning of glass and hybrid ceramics with self-etching silane present a bond strength similar to that of conventional bonding? Systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2026;35(1):23-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.13940
35. Al-Johani H., Haider J., Silikas N., Satterthwaite J. Effect of surface treatments on optical, topographical and mechanical properties of CAD/CAM reinforced lithium silicate glass ceramics. Dental Materials. 2023;39(9):779-789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2023.07.004
36. Katyal D., Subramanian A.K., Venugopal A., Marya A. Assessment of Wettability and Contact Angle of Bonding Agent with Enamel Surface Etched by Five Commercially Available Etchants: An In Vitro Study. International Journal of Dentistry. 2021;2021:9457553. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9457553
