employee
Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
employee
Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
employee
Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
employee
Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
employee
Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
employee
Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
employee
Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Subject. Oral malodour (halitosis) in patients with periodontal disease. Objectives. To study and review the literature on local (dental) and general (internal diseases) factors causing halitosis in patients with periodontal disease. Conclusion. The present literature review provides a sufficient basis to state that the problem of halitosis is relevant; there is presented the overview of developed classifications and identified combinations of main causes of halitosis linking the extent of ozostomia to oral hygiene status and gingival hemorrhage. By modern molecular genetic technologies (polymerase chain reaction and 16S ribosomal RNA gene chipping), advances have been made in understanding the main role of uncultivated anaerobic oral pathogens associated with halitosis. The materials of this literature review help to get the complex idea of the problem of halitosis in patients with inflammatory periodontal disease and can be used by dental clinicians in health care practice.
halitosis, periodontal pathogens, oral hygiene, periodontal disease, gingivitis, periodontitis
1. Asadullaeva Zh.S., Gosteeva A.V., Elovikova T.M., Sablina S.N., Dorohina K.R. Klinicheskie osobennosti patologii polosti rta u bol'nyh VICh-infekciey. Aktual'nye voprosy sovremennoy medicinskoy nauki i zdravoohraneniya. Materialy V Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferencii molodyh uchenyh i studentov, posvyaschennoy 75-letiyu Pobedy v Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyne, 90-letiyu UGMU i 100-letiyu medicinskogo obrazovaniya na Urale. 2020:142-146. [Z.S. Asadullaeva, A.V. Gosteeva, T.M. Elovikova, S.N. Sablina, K.R. Dorokhina. Clinical specifics of oral pathology in HIV-patients. Collection: Actual issues of modern medical science and healthcare. Proceedings of V International Applied Science Conference of young scientists and students devoted to the 75th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, 90th anniversary of Ural State Medical University and 100th anniversary of medical education in the Urals. 2020:142-146. (In Russ.)].
2. Bel'tyukova I.A., Shabalina D.S., Elovikova T.M., Mustafaeva Yu.R. Proyavlenie saharnogo diabeta 2-go tipa v polosti rta u bol'nyh s arterial'noy gipertenziey. Aktual'nye voprosy sovremennoy medicinskoy nauki i zdravoohraneniya. Materialy II Mezhdunarodnoy (72-y Vserossiyskoy) nauchno-prakticheskoy konferencii molodyh uchenyh i studentov, II Vserossiyskogo foruma medicinskih i farmacevticheskih vuzov «Za kachestvennoe obrazovanie». 2017:51-56. [I.A. Beltukova, D.S. Shabalina, T.M. Elovikova, Y.R. Mustafaeva. Oral manifestation of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with hypertension. Actual issues of modern medical science and healthcare. Materials of II International (72th All-Russian) Applied Science Conference of young scientists and students, II All-Russian Forum of medical and pharmaceutical universities “Quality Education”. 2017:51-56. (In Russ.)].
3. Vasil'eva N.A., Bulgakova A.I., Soldatova E.S. Harakteristika stomatologicheskogo statusa pacientov s vospalitel'nymi zabolevaniyami parodonta. Kazanskiy medicinskiy zhurnal. 2017;98;2:204-210. [N.A. Vasiljeva, A.I. Bulgakova, E.S. Soldatova. Characteristics of dental status of patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases. Kazan Medical Journal. 2017;98;2:204-210. (In Russ.)].
4. Gorobec S.M., Romanenko I.G., Bobkova S.A., Dzhereley A.A., Kryuchkov D.Yu., Gorobec O.V. Faktory riska razvitiya galitoza (obzor). Krymskiy terapevticheskiy zhurnal. 2017;3(34):13-18. [S.M. Gorobets, I.G. Romanenko, C.A. Bobkova, A.A. Dzhereley, D.Y. Kryuchkov, O.V. Gorobets. Risk factors of halitosis (review). The Crimean Therapeutic Journal. 2017;3(34):13-18. (In Russ.)].
5. Grudyanov A.I., Fomenko E.V. Primenenie razlichnyh preparatov na osnove rastitel'nyh komponentov v kompleksnom lechenii vospalitel'nyh zabolevaniy parodonta. Medicinskiy alfavit. 2019;3;23(398):5-7. [A.I. Grudyanov, E.V. Fomenko. Use of various drugs based on herbal components in complex treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases. Medical Alphabet. 2019;3;23(398):5-7. (In Russ.)].
6. Dikinova B.S., Carev V.N., Dmitrieva L.A., Revazova Z.E. Ispol'zovanie galimetra v diagnostike intraoral'nogo galitoza pri boleznyah parodonta. Rossiyskiy stomatologicheskiy zhurnal. 2017;21;5:250-253. [B.S. Dikinova, V.N. Tsarev, L.A. Dmitrieva, Z.E. Revazova. Using galimeter in diagnostics of intraoral halitiosis in periodont diseases. Russian Journal of Dentistry. 2017;21;5:250-253. (In Russ.)]. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=30542304
7. Red. Yanushevich O.O., Dmitriev L.A., Revazov Z.E. Parodontit XXI vek. Rukovodstvo dlya vrachey. Moskva : GEOTAR-Media. 2016:480. [Eds. O.O. Yanushkevich, L.A. Dmitriev, Z.E. Revazov. Periodontitis: the 21st century. Guidance for doctors. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media. 2016:480. (In Russ.)].
8. Duhovskaya N.E., Ostrovskaya I.G. Issledovanie vliyaniya lekarstvennyh preparatov razlichnogo spektra deystviya na tkani polosti rta. Dental Forum. 2017;2:28-31. [N.E. Dukhovskaya, I.G. Ostrovskaya. Influence of medicines with different spectrum of action on oral cavity tissues. Dental Forum. 2017;2:28-31. (In Russ.)]. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=30450116
9. Elovikova T.M., Grigor'ev S.S. Sialologiya v terapevticheskoy stomatologii. Materialy Mezhdunarodnogo kongressa «Stomatologiya Bol'shogo Urala». 2020:52-54. [T.M. Elovikova, S.S. Grigoriev. Sialogogue in restorative dentistry. Proceedings of the International Congress “Dentistry of the Great Urals”. 2020:52-54. (In Russ.)].
10. Elovikova T.M., Grigor'ev S.S. Suhoy sindrom (sindrom Shegrena): proyavleniya v polosti rta. Ekaterinburg. 2018:168. [T.M. Elovikova, S.S. Grigoriev. Dry syndrome (Sjogren’s syndrome): symptoms in the mouth. Ekaterinburg. 2018:168. (In Russ.)].
11. Elovikova T.M., Karaseva V.V., Zholudev S.E., Skurihina Ya.S., Mirsaev T.D. Harakteristika parametrov gomeostaticheskih mehanizmov polosti rta u molodyh kuril'schikov tabaka. Ural'skiy medicinskiy zhurnal. 2020;9:44-48. [T.M. Elovikova, V.V. Karaseva, S.E. Zholudev, Y.S. Skurikhina, T.D. Mirsaev. Characteristics of parameters of oral homeostatic mechanisms in young tobacco smokers. Ural Medical Journal. 2020;9:44-48. (In Russ.)]. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=44206402
12. Elovikova T.M., Karaseva V.V., Skurihina Ya.S., Koscheev A.S., Epishova A.A. Ocenka nespecificheskoy rezistentnosti slizistoy obolochki polosti rta u kuril'schikov. Problemy stomatologii. 2020;16(1):30-34. [T.M. Elovikova, V.V. Karaseva, Ya.S. Skurikhina, A.S. Koshcheev, A.A. Episshova. Evaluation of non-specific resistance of the oral mucosa in tobacco smokers. Actual Problems in Dentistry. 2020;16(1):30-34. (In Russ.)]. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=42817247
13. Mokrova E.A. D-vitaminnaya nedostatochnost' i ee vliyanie na sostoyanie parodonta. Simvol nauki. 2016;4:107-115. [E.A. Mokrova. Vitamin D insufficiency and its impacts on periodontium conditions. Science Symbol. 2016;4:107-115. (In Russ.)].
14. Elovikova T.M., Molvinskih V.S., Kostina E.Yu., Belinskaya E.V., Strokina E.S. Stomatologicheskiy status kuryaschih pacientov. Materialy Mezhdunarodnogo kongressa «Stomatologiya Bol'shogo Urala». 2020:88-89. [T.M. Elovicova, V.S. Molvinsky, E.Y. Kostina, E.V. Belinskaya, E.S. Strokina. Dental status of smokers. Proceedings of the International Congress “Dentistry of the Great Urals”. 2020:88-89. (In Russ.)].
15. Elovikova T.M., Mustafina Yu.R., Bel'tyukova I.A., Shabalina D.S. Sostoyanie organov polosti rta i vkusovogo vospriyatiya u bol'nyh saharnym diabetom II tipa. Stomatologiya Bol'shogo Urala. Materialy Mezhdunarodnogo kongressa: molodezhnaya nauchnaya shkola po problemam fundamental'noy stomatologii. 2017:33-36. [T.M. Elovicova, Y.E. Mustafina, I.A. Beltyukova, D.S. Shabalina. The condition of the organs of the mouth and taste perception in patients with diabetes mellitus Type II. Dentistry of the Great Urals. Proceedings of the International Congress: youth scientific school on problems of fundamental dentistry. 2017:33-36. (In Russ.)].
16. Zayceva D.A., Istomina A.S., Elovikova T.M., Sablina S.N., Dorohina K.R. Harakteristika organov i tkaney polosti rta u pacientov starshih vozrastnyh grupp s zhelezodeficitnoy anemiey. Aktual'nye voprosy sovremennoy medicinskoy nauki i zdravoohraneniya. Materialy V Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferencii molodyh uchenyh i studentov, posvyaschennoy 75-letiyu Pobedy v Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyne, 90-letiyu UGMU i 100-letiyu medicinskogo obrazovaniya na Urale. 2020:205-211. [D.A. Zaitseva, A.S. Istomina, T.M. Elovikova, S.N. Sablina, K.R. Dorokhina. Characteristics of organs and tissues of the oral cavity in patients of older age groups with iron deficiency anemia. Actual issues of modern medical science and healthcare. Materials of V International Applied Science Conference of young scientists and students devoted to the 75th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, 90th anniversary of Ural State Medical University and 100th anniversary of medical education in the Urals. 2020:205-211. (In Russ.)].
17. Karaseva V.V., Elovikova T.M., Koscheev A.S. Ocenka stomatologicheskogo statusa, kontrolya individual'noy gigieny i kachestva zhizni pacientov s defektami chelyustey v sochetanii s medikamentozno associirovannym osteonekrozom. Stomatologiya. 2020;99;5:80-86. [V.V. Karaseva, T.M. Elovikova, A.S. Koscsheev. Assessment of dental status, monitoring of individual hygiene and quality of life of patients with jaw defects in combination with medical osteonecrosis. Dentistry. 2020;99;5:80-86. (In Russ.)]. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=44027963
18. Kalabina A.S., Kiseleva T.A., Molvinskih V.S. Harakteristika nespecificheskoy rezistentnosti slizistoy obolochki polosti rta u bol'nyh saharnym diabetom II tipa na gospital'nom etape. IV Vserossiyskoe rabochee soveschanie po problemam fundamental'noy stomatologii. 2016:67-69. [A.S. Kalabina, T.A. Kiseleva, V.S. Molvinsky. Characteristics of non-specific resistance of the oral mucosa in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus in the hospital environment. IV All-Russian working meetings on problems of fundamental dentistry. 2016:67-69. (In Russ.)].
19. Kuleshova E.V., Homyakova E.V., Boguta Yu.A. Stomatologicheskoe zdorov'e pacientov s saharnym diabetom. Vestnik Smolenskoy gosudarstvennoy medicinskoy akademii. 2019;18;2:155-159. [E.V. Kuleshova, E.V. Khomjakova, Y.A. Goguta. Dental health of patients with diabetes mellitus. Bulletin of Smolensk State Medical Academy. 2019;18;2:155-159. (In Russ.)].
20. Lipina T.V., Elovikova T.M., Grigor'ev S.S. Klinicheskaya ocenka stomatologicheskogo statusa pacientov pozhilogo vozrasta s hronicheskim parodontitom i chastichnoy poterey zubov na etape podgotovki k ortopedicheskomu lecheniyu. Materialy Mezhdunarodnogo kongressa «Stomatologiya Bol'shogo Urala». 2020:90-92. [T.V. Lipina, T.M. Elovikova, S.S. Grigoriev. Clinical assessment of the dental status of elderly patients with chronic periodontitis and missing teeth in the stage of preparation for orthopedic treatment. Collection: Proceedings of the International Congress “Dentistry of the Great Urals”. 2020:90-92. (In Russ.)]. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=42441431
21. Makarova A.Sh., Elovikova T.M. Analiz sostoyaniya stomatologicheskogo zdorov'ya sel'skogo naseleniya Beloyarskogo rayona. Aktual'nye voprosy sovremennoy medicinskoy nauki i zdravoohraneniya. Materialy III Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferencii molodyh uchenyh i studentov, III Foruma medicinskih i farmacevticheskih vuzov Rossii «Za kachestvennoe obrazovanie». 2018:170-175. [A.S. Makarova, T.M. Elovikova. Analysis of the dental health of the rural population of the Beloyarsky District. Actual issues of modern medical science and healthcare. Materials of II International (72th All-Russian) Applied Science Conference of young scientists and students, II All-Russian Forum of medical and pharmaceutical universities “Quality Education”. 2018:170-175. (In Russ.)]. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=37182655
22. Maksimova E.V., Stecyuk N.S., Shelihova E.O. Galitoz kak mediko-social'naya problema. Krymskiy terapevticheskiy zhurnal. 2020;1:32-37. [E.V. Maksimova, N.S. Stetsyuk, E.O. Shelikhova. Halitosis as a medical and social problem. The Crimean Therapeutic Journal. 2020;1:32-37. (In Russ.)].
23. Markova A.V. Galitoz: prichiny i lechenie. Mezhdunarodnyy studencheskiy nauchnyy vestnik. 2016;6:20-24. [A.V. Markova. Halitosis: causes and treatment. International Student Scientific Bulletin. 2016;6:20-24. (In Russ.)].
24. Medvedeva Yu.V., Ponomareva A.A., Elovikova T.M., Troshunin A.V. Vliyanie na stomatologicheskiy status i kachestvo zhizni patogeneticheskih metodov lecheniya pacientov s saharnym diabetom 2-go tipa v usloviyah stacionara. IV Vserossiyskoe rabochee soveschanie po problemam fundamental'noy stomatologii. 2016:101-104. [Y.V. Medvedeva, A.A. Ponomareva, T.M. Elovikova, A.V. Troshunin. Effects of pathogenetic treatment on dental status and life quality of patients with Type II diabetes mellites in hospital level. Collection: IV All-Russian working meetings on problems of fundamental dentistry. 2016:101-104. (In Russ.)].
25. Moseeva M.V., Hohlacheva N.A. Stomatologicheskie zhaloby pacientov s erozivno-yazvennymi porazheniyami gastroduodenal'noy zony. Vyatskiy medicinskiy vestnik. 2019;2(62):13-17. [M.V. Moiseeva, N.A. Khokhlacheva. Dental complaints of patients with erosive and ulcerous gastroduodenal events. Vyatka Medical Bulletin. 2019;2(62):13-17. (In Russ.)].
26. Nikitenko V.V., Grebnev G.A., Latif I.I., Kovalevskiy V.A. Sravnitel'noe issledovanie effektivnosti ustraneniya galitoza pri ispol'zovanii sredstv s rastitel'nymi ekstraktami. Institut stomatologii. 2020;4(89):32-33. [V.V. Nikitenko, G.A. Grebnev, I.I. Latif, V.A. Kovalevsky. Comparative study the effectiveness of eliminating halitosis when using products with herbal extracts. Institute of Dentistry. 2020;4(89):32-33. (In Russ.)]. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=44287040
27. Prihodkin A.S., Karaseva V.V., Elovikova T.M. Ocenka kachestva zhizni onkologicheskih chelyustno-licevyh bol'nyh na etape ortopedicheskoy reabilitacii. Aktual'nye voprosy sovremennoy medicinskoy nauki i zdravoohraneniya: Materialy V Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferencii molodyh uchenyh i studentov, posvyaschennoy 75-letiyu Pobedy v Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyne, 90-letiyu UGMU i 100-letiyu medicinskogo obrazovaniya na Urale. Ekaterinburg, 9-10 aprelya 2020. Ekaterinburg : UGMU. 2020;3:286-290. [A.S. Prikhodkin, V.V. Karaseva, T.M. Elovikova. Evaluation of life quality of oral cancer patients at the stage of orthopedic rehabilitation. Actual issues of modern medical science and healthcare. Materials of V International Applied Science Conference of young scientists and students devoted to the 75th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, 90th anniversary of Ural State Medical University and 100th anniversary of medical education in the Urals. Ekaterinburg, April 9-10, 2020. Ekaterinburg : Ural State Medical University. 2020;3:286-290. (In Russ.)]. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=43118062
28. Primak T.D. Mikrobnye associacii pri galitoze u vzroslyh. Infekciya i immunitet. 2017;1:958. [T.D. Primak. Microbial associations in adults with halitosis. Infection and Immunity. 2017;1:958. (In Russ.)].
29. Rif I.E., Cygan V.N., Kravcov V.Yu. Oksigenoterapiya u pacientov s galitozom, associirovannym s Solobacterium Moorei. Detskaya medicina Severo-Zapada. 2018;7;1:280-281. [I.E. Rif, V.N. Tsygan, V.Y. Kravtsov. Oxygen therapy for patients with halitosis assonated with Solobacterium Moorei. Northwest Pediatrics Medicine. 2018;7;1:280-281. (In Russ.)].
30. Saakyan B.S., Gyurdzhinyan S.A., Saakyan S.S. Galitoz. Vnutrirotovye prichiny, principy mestnogo lecheniya. Erevanskiy gosudarstvennyy medicinskiy universitet im. Akbarova N.H. 2017;2:9-12. [B.S. Saakyan, S.A. Gjurginjan, S.S. Saakyan. Halitosis. Intraoral causes, principles of local treatment. Erevan State Medical University named after N.K.Akbarova. Changes in mouth taste-sensing system of patients with halitosis. Bulletin of postgraduate education in health care. 2017;2:9-12. (In Russ.)].
31. Sablina S.N., Grigor'ev S.S., Elovikova T.M., Dorohina K.R., Koscheev A.S., Gosteeva A.V., Asadullaeva Zh.S. Osobennosti klinicheskih proyavleniy zabolevaniy polosti rta u VICh-inficirovannyh pacientov v usloviyah terapevticheskogo stacionara. Vestnik KGMA im. I.K. Ahunbaeva. 2020;2:118-128. [S.N. Sablina, S.S. Grigoriev, T.M. Elovikova, K.R. Dorokhina, A.S. Koscheev, A.V. Gosteeva, Z.S. Asadullaeva. Clinical oral manifestations in HIV-infected patients in a therapeutic hospital environment. Bulletin of Kyrgis State Medical Academy named after I.K.Akhunbaev. 2020;2:118-128. (In Russ.)].
32. Suyunova M.H. Vse o galitoze: diagnostika, lechenie i profilaktika (obzornaya stat'ya). Vestnik Soveta molodyh uchenyh i specialistov Chelyabinskoy oblasti. 2016;1;4(15):67-76. [M.K. Sujunova. What is halitosis: diagnostics, treatment and prevention (review). Bulletin of young scientists and professionals of Chelyabinsk Region. 2016;1;4(15):67-76. (In Russ.)].
33. Temkin E.S., Churikova A.S. Galitoz - sovremennye metody diagnostiki i ih perspektivy. Volgogradskiy nauchno-medicinskiy zhurnal. 2018;3(59):15-18. [E.S. Temkin, A.S. Churikova. Halitosis - modern methods of diagnosis and their prospects. Volgograd Journal of Medical Research. 2018;3(59):15-18. (In Russ.)].
34. Ulitovskiy S.B., Vasyanina A.A., Kalinina O.V., Alekseeva E.S., Leont'ev A.A., Pankrat'eva L.I., Shevcov A.V., Gulieva A.Yu., Antipova A.V. Izuchenie intensivnosti stomatologicheskoy patologii sredi razlichnyh grupp naseleniya. Uchenye zapiski SPbGMU im. akad. I.P. Pavlova. 2019;26;4:49-55. [S.B. Ulitkovsky, A.A. Vasjanina, O.V. Kalinina, E.S. Alexeeva, A.A. Leontjev, L.I. Pankratjeva, A.V. Shevtsov, A.Y. Gulieva, A.V. Antipova. Intensive study of dental pathology in different population groups. The Scientific Notes of the Pavlov University. 2019;26;4:49-55. (In Russ.)].
35. Ulitovskiy S.B., Kalinina O.V., Pankrat'eva L.I. Ocenka effektivnosti primeneniya zubnoy pasty na osnove efirnogo masla kedra v profilaktike istinnogo patologicheskogo oral'nogo galitoza. Uchenye zapiski SPbGMU im. akad. I.P. Pavlova. 2017;24;4:64-67. [S.B. Ulitkovsky, O.V. Kalinina, L.I. Pankratjeva. Effectiveness evaluation of toothpaste based on the cedar essential oil for preventing true oral pathologic halitosis. The Scientific Notes of the Pavlov University. 2017;24;4:64-67. (In Russ.)].
36. Firsova I.V., Fedotova Yu.M., Mihal'chenko V.F., Dimitrova M.S., Veremeenko T.V., Baklanova A.A. Kompleksnyy podhod ustraneniya galitoza. Mezhdunarodnyy zhurnal prikladnyh i fundamental'nyh issledovaniy. 2016;31:100-102. [I.M. Firsova, V.F. Mikhalchenko, M.S. Dimitrova, T.V. Veremeenko, A.A. Baklanova. An integrated approach to the elimination of halitosis. International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research. 2016;31:100-102. (In Russ.)]. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25590962
37. Carev V.N., Dikinova B.S., Revazova Z.E., Ippolitov E.V. Ocenka patogennoy mikrobioty parodontal'nyh karmanov pri primenenii probioticheskogo kompleksa dlya lecheniya parodontita, soprovozhdayuschegosya galitozom. Parodontologiya. 2017;22;3(84):42-46. [V.N. Tsarev, B.S. Dikinova, Z.E. Revazova, E.V. Ippolitov. Evaluation of pathogenic microbiota of periodontal pockets when using a probiotic complex for treating periodontitis accompanied by halitosis. Periodontology. 2017;22;3(84):42-46. (In Russ.)].
38. Carev V.N., Dikinova B.S., Revazova Z.E., Ippolitov E.V., Denisova S.V. Effektivnost' ustraneniya galitoza pri vklyuchenii probioticheskogo kompleksa v shemu lecheniya parodontita. Dental Forum. 2017;3:54-56. [V.N. Tsarev, B.S. Dikinova, Z.E. Revazova, E.V. Ippolitov, S.V. Denisova. Efficacy of halitosis elimination when using probiotics in the complex treatment of periodontitis. Dental Forum. 2017;3:54-56. (In Russ.)].
39. Carev V.N., Dmitrieva L.A., Revazova Z.E., Dikinova B.S. Ispol'zovanie galimetra v diagnostike intraoral'nogo galitoza pri boleznyah parodonta. Rossiyskiy stomatologicheskiy zhurnal. 2017;5(21):250-253. [V.N. Tsarev, L.A. Dmitrieva, Z.E. Revazova, B.S. Dikinova. Using galimeter in diagnostics of intraoral halitosis in periodont diseases. Russian Journal of Dentistry. 2017;5(21):250-253. (In Russ.)]. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=30542304
40. Cepov L.M., Nikolaev A.I., Nesterova M.M., Cepova E.L., Cepov A.L. Mnozhestvennye hronicheskie sistemnye zabolevaniya i patologiya parodonta. Parodontologiya. 2019;24;2:127-131. [L.M. Tsepov, A.I. Nikolaev, M.M. Nesterova, E.L. Tsepova, A.L. Tsepov. Multiple Chronic system diseases and periodontal pathology. Periodontology. 2019;24;2:127-131. (In Russ.)]. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=39195266
41. Cepov L.M., Nikolaev A.I., Nesterova M.M., Cepova E.L. Patogeneticheskie osobennosti formirovaniya hronicheskoy vospalitel'noy patologii parodonta (obzor). Vestnik Smolenskoy gosudarstvennoy medicinskoy akademii. 2018;17;3:206-214. [L.M. Tsepov, A.I. Nikolaev, M.M. Nesterov, E.L. Tsepova. Pathogenetic features of chronic periodontal pathology development (review). Bulletin of Smolensk State Medical Academy. 2018;17;3:206-214. (In Russ.)].
42. Barrak I., Stajer A., Gajdacs M., Urban E. Small, but smelly: the importance of Solobacterium moorei in halitosis and other human infections // eCollection - 2020;6(10):e05371. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05371.
43. Bicak D.A. A current approach to halitosis and oral malodor-a mini review // Open Dent J. - 2018;30(12):322-330. doihttps://doi.org/10.2174/18742210601812010322.
44. Boyanova L. Stress hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) effects on the anaerobic bacteria // Anaerobe. - 2017;44:13-19.
45. Dou W., Li J., Xu L., Zhu J., Hu K., Sui Z., Wang J., Xu L., Wang S., Yin G. Halitosis and Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-analysis // Medicine (Baltimore). - 2016;95(39):23-25.
46. Hampelska K., Jaworska M.M., Babalska Z.L., Karpinski T.M. The role of oral microbiota in Intra-Oral Halitosis // J.Clin.Med. - 2020;2(9):2484-2489. doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082484.
47. Johannsen F., Emilson C.G., Johannsen G., Kondradsson K. Effects of stabilized fluoride dentifrice on dental calculus, dental plaque, gingivitis, halitosis and stain: a systematic review // Heliyon. - 2019;9(5):e02850. doi:10/1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02850.
48. Kapoor U., Sharma G., Juneja M., Nagpal A. Halitosis: Current concepts on etiology, diagnosis and management // Eur. J. Dent. - 2016;10(2):292-300. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.178294
49. Lavrovskaya Ya.A., Romanenko I.G., Lavrovskaya O.M., Pridatko I.S. Candidiasis of the oral mucosa with dysbiotic changes // Crimean Journal of Internal Diseases. - 2017;3(34):27-30.
50. Romanenko I.G., Chepurova N.I. The role of oral dysbiosis in the development of oral diseases // Endodontology Today. - 2016;2:66-71.
51. Suh Y., Kaitlyn R., Gandhi J., Smith N.L. Clinical utility of ozone therapy in dental and oral medicine // Med.Gas. Res. - 2019;9(3):163-167. doihttps://doi.org/10.4103/2045-9912.266997.
52. Terrie Y.C. Dry Mouth: More Common and Less Benign than Thought // Pharmacy National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Dry Mouth (NIH Publication No. 14-3174) // National Institutes of Health. - 2016;74:825-833.
53. Tosten M., Gomez-Moreno G., Aguilar-Salvatierra A. Drug-related oral malodour (halitosis): a literature review // Eur.Rev.Med.Pharmacol Sci. - 2017;21(21):4930-4934.
54. Tungare S., Zafar N., Paranjpe A. Halitosis // StarPearls Publishing. - 2021;14(1):20-25.
55. Kapoor U., Sharma G., Juneja M., Nagpal A. // Eur. J. Dent. - 2016;10(2):292-300. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.178294.
56. Wolff A., Joshi R.K., Ekstrom J., Aframian D., Pedersen A.M., Proctor G., Narayana N., Villa A., Sia Y.W., Aliko A. et al. A Guide to Medications Inducing Salivary Gland Dysfunction, Xerostomia, and Subjective Sialorrhea: A Systematic Review Sponsored by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine // Drugs R D. - 2017;17(1):1-28.
